How to use this book
Chapter 1: Atomic structure and the periodic table
1.1 Elements and compounds
1.2 Atoms, formulae and equations
1.3 Mixtures
1.4 Changing ideas about atoms
1.5 Modelling the atom
1.6 Relating charges and masses
1.7 Sub-atomic particles
1.8 Electronic structure
1.9 The periodic table
1.10 Developing the periodic table
1.11 Comparing metals and non-metals
1.12 Metals and non-metals
1.13 Key concept: The outer electrons
1.14 Exploring Group O
1.15 Exploring Group 1
1.16 Exploring Group 7
1.17 Reaction trends and predicting reactions
1.18 Maths skills: Standard form and making estimates
Chapter 2: Structure, bonding and the properties of matter
2.1 Chemical bonds
2.2 Ionic bonding
2.3 Ionic compounds
2.4 Covalent bonding
2.5 Metallic bonding
2.6 Three states of matter
2.7 Properties of ionic compounds
2.8 Properties of small molecules
2.9 Polymer structures
2.10 Giant covalent structures
2.11 Properties of metals and alloys
2.12 Diamond
2.13 Graphite
2.14 Graphene and fullerenes
2.15 Key concept: Sizes of particles and orders of magnitude
2.16 Maths skills: Visualise and represent 2D and 3D shapes
Chapter 3: Chemical quantities and calculations
3.1 Key concept: Conversation of mass and balanced equations
3.2 Relative formula mass
3.3 Mass changes when gases are in reactions
3.4 Chemical measurements and uncertainty
3.5 Moles
3.6 Amounts of substances in equations
3.7 Using moles to balance equations
3.8 Concentration of solutions
3.9 Key concept: Amounts in chemistry
3.10 Maths skills: Change the subject of an equation
Chapter 4: Chemical changes
4.1 Metal oxides
4.2 Reactivity series
4.3 Extraction of metals
4.4 Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons
4.5 Reaction of metals with acids
4.6 Neutralisation of acids and salt production
4.7 Soluble salts
4.8 Required practical: Preparing a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt from an insoluble oxide or carbonate
4.9 pH and neutralisation
4.10 Strong and weak acids
4.11 The process of electrolysis
4.12 Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds
4.13 Using electrolysis to extract metals
4.14 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
4.15 Required practical: Investigating what happens when aqueous solutions are electrolysed using inert electrodes
4.16 Key concept: Electron transfer, oxidation and reduction
4.17 Maths skills: Make order of magnitude calculations
Chapter 5: Energy changes
5.1 Key concept: Endothermic and exothermic reactions
5.2 Required practical: Investigate the variables that affect temperature changes in reacting solutions such as, acid plus metals, acid plus carbonates, neutralisations, displacement of metals
5.3 Reaction profiles
5.4 Energy change of reactions
5.5 Maths skills: Recognise and use expressions in decimal form
Chapter 6: The rate and extent of chemical change
6.1 Measuring rates
6.2 Key concept: Limiting reactants and molar masses
6.3 Calculating rates
6.4 Factors affecting rates
6.5 Required practical: Investigate how changes in concentration affect the rates of reactions by a method involving the production of gas and a method involving a colour change
6.6 Factors increasing the rate
6.7 Collision theory
6.8 Catalysts
6.9 Reversible reactions and energy changes
6.10 Equilibrium
6.11 Changing concentration and equilibrium
6.12 Changing temperature and equilibrium
6.13 Changing pressure and equilibrium
6.14 Maths skills: Use the slope of a tangent as a measure of rate of change
Chapter 7: Hydrocarbons
7.1 Crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes
7.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals
7.3 Properties of hydrocarbons
7.4 Combustion
7.5 Cracking and alkenes
7.6 Key concept: Intermolecular forces
7.7 Maths skills: Visualise and represent 3D models
Chapter 8: Chemical analysis
8.1 Key concept: Pure substances
8.2 Formulations
8.3 Chromatography
8.4 Required practical: Investigate how paper chromatography can be used in forensic science to identify an ink mixture used in a forgery
8.5 Testing for gases
8.6 Maths skills: use an appropriate number of significant figures
Chapter 9: The atmosphere
9.1 Proportions of gases in the atmosphere
9.2 The Earth’s early atmosphere
9.3 How oxygen increased
9.4 How carbon dioxide decreases
9.5 Key Concept: Greenhouse gases
9.6 Human activities
9.7 Global climate change
9.8 Carbon footprint and its reduction
9.9 Limitations on carbon footprint and its reduction
9.10 Atmospheric pollutants from fuels
9.11 Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants
9.12 Maths skills: Use ratios, fractions and percentages
Chapter 10: Sustainable development
10.1 Key concept: Using the Earth’s resources and sustainable development
10.2 Portable water
10.3 Required practical: Analysis and purification of water samples from different sources, including pH dissolved solids and distillation
10.4 Waste water treatment
10.5 Alternative methods of metal extraction
10.6 Life cycle assessment and recycling
10.7 Ways of reducing the use of resources
10.8 Maths skills: Translate information between graphical and numerical form
Glossary
Index